Explain what is meant by domain modeling.
Domain modeling is known as conceptual modeling. A domain model is a representation of the concepts or objects appearing in the problem domain. It also captures the obvious relationships among these objects. Examples of such conceptual objects are the Book, Book Register, Member Register, Library Member, etc. The recommended strategy is to quickly create a rough conceptual model where the emphasis is in finding the obvious concepts expressed in the requirements while deferring a detailed investigation. Later during the development process, the conceptual model is incrementally refined and extended.
Identify the three types of objects identified during domain analysis.
The objects identified during domain analysis can be classified into three types:
• Boundary objects
• Controller objects
• Entity objects
The boundary and controller objects can be systematically identified from the use case diagram whereas identification of entity objects requires practice. So, the crux of the domain modeling activity is to identify the entity models.
Explain the purpose of different types of objects identified during domain analysis. Explain how these objects interact among each other.
The different kinds of objects identified during domain analysis and their relationships are as follows:
Boundary objects:
The boundary objects are those with which the actors interact. These include screens, menus, forms, dialogs, etc. The boundary objects are mainly responsible for user interaction. Therefore, they normally do not include any processing logic. However, they may be responsible for validating inputs, formatting, outputs, etc. The boundary objects were earlier being called as the interface objects. However, the term interface class is being used for Java, COM/DCOM, and UML with different meaning. A recommendation for the initial identification of the boundary classes is to define one boundary class per actor/use case pair.
Entity objects:
These normally hold information such as data tables and files that need to outlive use case execution, e.g. Book, Book Register, Library Member, etc. Many of the entity objects are “dumb servers”. They are normally responsible for storing data, fetching data, and doing some fundamental kinds of operation that do not change often.
Controller objects:
The controller objects coordinate the activities of a set of entity objects and interface with the boundary objects to provide the overall behavior of the system. The responsibilities assigned to a controller object are closely related to the realization of a specific use case. The controller objects effectively decouple the boundary and entity objects from one another making the system tolerant to changes of the user interface and processing logic. The controller objects embody most of the logic involved with the use case realization (this logic may change time to time). A typical interaction of a controller object with boundary and entity objects is shown in fig. 8.2. Normally, each use case is realized using one controller object. However, some use cases can be realized without using any controller object, i.e. through boundary and entity objects only. This is often true for use cases that achieve only some simple manipulation of the stored information.
For example, let’s consider the “query book availability” use case of the Library Information System (LIS). Realization of the use case involves only matching the given book name against the books available in the catalog. More complex use cases may require more than one controller object to realize the use case. A complex use case can have several controller objects such as transaction manager, resource coordinator, and error handler. There is another situation where a use case can have more than one controller object. Sometimes the use cases require the controller object to transit through a number of states. In such cases, one controller object might have to be created for each execution of the use case.
A typical realization of a use case through the collaboration of boundary, controller, and entity objects
Explain at least three approaches for identifying objects in the context of object-oriented design methodology.
One of the most important steps in any object-oriented design methodology is the identification of objects. In fact, the quality of the final design depends to a great extent on the appropriateness of the objects identified. However, to date no formal methodology exists for identification of objects. Several semi-formal and informal approaches have been proposed for object identification. These can be classified into the following broad classes:
• Grammatical analysis of the problem description.
• Derivation from data flow.
• Derivation from the entity relationship (E-R) diagram.
A widely accepted object identification approach is the grammatical analysis approach. Grady Booch originated the grammatical analysis approach [1991]. In Booch’s approach, the nouns occurring in the extended problem description statement (processing narrative) are mapped to objects and the verbs are mapped to methods. The identification approaches based on derivation from the data flow diagram and the entity-relationship model are still evolving and therefore will not be discussed in this text.
Booch’s Object Identification Method
Booch’s object identification approach requires a processing narrative of the given problem to be first developed. The processing narrative describes the problem and discusses how it can be solved. The objects are identified by noting down the nouns in the processing narrative. Synonym of a noun must be eliminated. If an object is required to implement a solution, then it is said to be part of the solution space. Otherwise, if an object is necessary only to describe the problem, then it is said to be a part of the problem space. However, several of the nouns may not be objects. An imperative procedure name, i.e., noun form of a verb actually represents an action and should not be considered as an object. A potential object found after lexical analysis is usually considered legitimate, only if it satisfies the following criteria:
Retained information.
Some information about the object should be remembered for the system to function. If an object does not contain any private data, it can not be expected to play any important role in the system.
Multiple attributes.
Usually objects have multiple attributes and support multiple methods. It is very rare to find useful objects which store only a single data element or support only a single method, because an object having only a single data element or method is usually implemented as a part of another object.
Common operations.
A set of operations can be defined for potential objects. If these operations apply to all occurrences of the object, then a class can be defined. An attribute or operation defined for a class must apply to each instance of the class. If some of the attributes or operations apply only to some specific instances of the class, then one or more subclasses can be needed for these special objects.
Normally, the actors themselves and the interactions among themselves should be excluded from the entity identification exercise. However, sometimes there is a need to maintain information about an actor within the system. This is not the same as modeling the actor. These classes are sometimes called surrogates. For example, in the Library Information System (LIS) we would need to store information about each library member. This is independent of the fact that the library member also plays the role of an actor of the system.
Although the grammatical approach is simple and intuitively appealing, yet through a naive use of the approach, it is very difficult to achieve high quality results. In particular, it is very difficult to come up with useful abstractions simply by doing grammatical analysis of the problem description. Useful abstractions usually result from clever factoring of the problem description into independent and intuitively correct elements.
Example: Tic-tac-toe
Let us identify the entity objects of the following Tic-tac-toe software:
Tic-tac-toe is a computer game in which a human player and the computer make alternative moves on a 3 X 3 square. A move consists of marking a previously unmarked square. A player who first places three consecutive marks along a straight line (i.e., along a row, column, or diagonal) on the square wins. As soon as either the human player or the computer wins, a message congratulating the winner should be displayed. If neither player manages to get three consecutive marks along a straight line, and all the squares on the board are filled up, then the game is drawn. The computer always tries to win a game.
By performing a grammatical analysis of this problem statement, it can be seen that nouns that have been underlined in the problem description and the actions as the italicized verbs. However, on closer examination synonyms can be eliminated from the identified nouns. The list of nouns after eliminating the synonyms are the following: Tic-tac-toe, computer game, human player, move, square, mark, straight line, board, row, column, and diagonal.
From this list of possible objects, nouns can be eliminated like human player as it does not belong to the problem domain. Also, the nouns square, game, computer, Tic-tac-toe, straight line, row, column, and diagonal can be eliminated, as any data and methods cannot be associated with them. The noun move can also be eliminated from the list of potential objects since it is an imperative verb and actually represents an action. Thus, there is only one object left – board.
After experienced in object identification, it is not normally necessary to really identify all nouns in the problem description by underlining them or actually listing them down, and systematically eliminate the non-objects to arrive at the final set of objects.
Identify two goals of interaction modeling.
The primary goal of interaction modeling are the following:
• To allocate the responsibility of a use case realization among the boundary, entity, and controller objects. The responsibilities for each class is reflected as an operation to be supported by that class.
• To show the detailed interaction that occur over time among the objects associated with each use case.
